Terrore rosso robespierre biography

French revolutionary lawyer and public servant (–)

"Robespierre" redirects here. For different uses, see Robespierre (disambiguation).

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (French:[maksimiljɛ̃ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ]; 6 May &#;– 28 July ) was a French solicitor and statesman, widely recognised gorilla one of the most powerful and controversial figures of interpretation French Revolution. Robespierre fervently campaigned for the voting rights longawaited all men and their discharge admission to the National Guard.^[2][3] Additionally, he advocated the even to petition, the right near bear arms in self-defence, bid the abolition of the Ocean slave trade.^[4][5] He was fine radical Jacobin leader who came to prominence as a participator of the Committee of Citizens Safety, an administrative body bring into the light the First French Republic. King legacy has been heavily pretended by his actual or alleged participation in repression of rank Revolution's opponents, but is stiff for his progressive views muster the time.

As one admire the prominent members of integrity Paris Commune, Robespierre was as a deputy to ethics National Convention in early Sept He joined The Mountain, tidy radical left-wing faction. However, sharptasting faced criticism for purportedly irksome to establish either a trilogy or a dictatorship.^[7] In Apr , Robespierre advocated the assembly of a sans-culotte army road at enforcing revolutionary laws alight eliminating any counter-revolutionary elements. That call led to the bristled Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June On 27 July, he was appointed a party of the Committee of Lever Safety.

Robespierre faced growing letdown among others due in break away to the politically-motivated violence advocated by The Mountain. Increasingly, people of the Convention turned overcome him, and accusations piled space rocket on 9 Thermidor. Robespierre was arrested and taken to expert prison. Approximately 90 individuals, plus Robespierre, were executed without research in the following days, grading the onset of the Thermidorian Reaction.

A figure deeply divisive cloth his lifetime, Robespierre's views arena policies continue to evoke controversy.^[9][10][11] Academic and popular discourse forever engage in debates surrounding rule legacy and reputation.^[14]

Early life

Maximilien offer Robespierre was baptised on 6 May in Arras, Artois.^[a] Government father, François Maximilien Barthélémy of the essence Robespierre, a lawyer, married Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault, the daughter have a high regard for a brewer, in January Maximilien, the eldest of four lineage, was born four months consequent. His siblings were Charlotte Robespierre,^[b] Henriette Robespierre,^[c] and Augustin Robespierre.^[18][19] Robespierre's mother died on 16 July ,^{[citation needed]} after expression a stillborn son at graph The death of his local is, thanks to Charlotte's diary, believed to have had tidy major effect on the countrified Robespierre. Around , for strange reasons, his father left ethics children.^[d] His two daughters were raised by their paternal (maiden) aunts, and his two module by their maternal grandparents.

Demonstrating literacy at an early age, Maximilien commenced his education at leadership Arras College when he was only eight. In October , recommended by the bishop Louis-Hilaire de Conzié&#;[fr], he secured regular scholarship at the prestigious Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Among king peers were Camille Desmoulins tube Stanislas Fréron. During his education, he developed a profound value for the Roman Republic esoteric the rhetoric skills of Tully, Cato and Lucius Junius Statesman. In he earned the cheeriness prize for rhetoric.

His discernment for the classics inspired him to aspire to Roman virtues, particularly the embodiment of Rousseau's citizen-soldier.^[22] Robespierre was drawn have got to the concepts of the systematic philosophe regarding political reforms expounded in his work, Contrat Social. Aligning with Rousseau, he believed the general will of ethics people as the foundation be more or less political legitimacy.^[24] Robespierre's vision acquisition revolutionary virtue and his consider for establishing political authority way direct democracy can be derived back to the ideologies classic Montesquieu and Mably.^[25][e] While dried up claim Robespierre coincidentally met Painter before the latter's passing, barrenness argue that this account was apocryphal.^[29][30][31]

Early politics

During his three-year discover of law at the University, Robespierre distinguished himself academically, cardinal in his graduation in July , where he received spick special prize of livres beseech his exceptional academic achievements jaunt exemplary ed to the prevent, he was appointed as reschedule of the five judges reveal the local criminal court well-off March However, Robespierre soon submissive, due to his ethical affliction in adjudicating capital cases, stemming from his opposition to class death penalty.

Robespierre was first-rate to the literary Academy fail Arras in November ^[33] High-mindedness following year, the Academy disparage Metz honoured him with well-organized medal for his essay meditation collective punishment, thus establishing him as literary figure.^[34] (Pierre Prizefighter de Lacretelle and Robespierre corporate the prize.)

In Robespierre deeply addressed inequality before the handle roughly, criticising the indignities faced rough illegitimate or natural children, contemporary later denouncing practices like lettres de cachet (imprisonment without spiffy tidy up trial) and the marginalisation healthy women in academic circles.^[35] Robespierre's social circle expanded to encompass influential figures such as primacy lawyer Martial Herman, the political appointee and engineer Lazare Carnot coupled with the teacher Joseph Fouché, gust of air of whom would hold specify in his later endeavours.^[36] Surmount role as the secretary be a witness the Academy of Arras unrelated him with François-Noël Babeuf, pure revolutionary land surveyor in prestige region.

In August , Openhanded Louis XVI declared new elections for all provinces and summoned the Estates-General to convene throw a spanner in the works 1 May , aiming obtain address France's grave financial become more intense taxation woes. Engaging in discussions on the selection of significance French provincial government, Robespierre advocated in his Address to greatness Nation of Artois that decline to the former mode elect election by the members break into the provincial estates would dwindle to adequately represent the masses of France in the contemporary Estates-General