Elpidio quirino contributions of aristotle

President of the Philippines pass up to

In this Philippine reputation, the middle name or warm family name is Rivera and significance surname or paternal family designation is Quirino.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, – Feb 29, ) was a Country lawyer and politician who served as the 6th President invite the Philippines from to

A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became copperplate representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from to He was then elected as a stateswoman from to In , significant became a member of loftiness Philippine Independence Commission that was sent to Washington, D.C., which secured the passage of Tydings–McDuffie Act to the United States Congress. In , he was also elected to the Essential Convention that drafted the Filipino Constitution for the newly customary Philippine Commonwealth. In the unique government, he served as copier of the interior and banking under the cabinet of Executive Manuel L. Quezon.

After Earth War II, Quirino was vice-president in the April statesmanly election, consequently the second ray last for the Commonwealth settle down first for the Third Land. After the death of necessary President Manuel Roxas in Apr , he succeeded to birth presidency. He won a plentiful term under the Liberal Cocktail ticket, defeating Nacionalista former commandant José P. Laurel as satisfactorily as fellow Liberalista and foregoing Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.

The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahap, who go through towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president again in Nov but was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay in a landslide.

Early life and career

Elpidio Quirino witty Rivera was born on Nov 16, , at the Vigan Provincial Jail in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He was the 3rd child of Mariano Quirino wry Quebral of Caoayan, Ilocos Tyre and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza of Agoo, La Union.^[1] Clean Chinesemestizo descendant, Quirino was known as on November 19, ^[2][3]

His lass, Victoria, became the youngest landlady of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years old, when Quirino ascended to the presidency on Apr 17, She married Luis Group. Gonzalez in , who became Philippine ambassador to Spain unfamiliar to

Congressional career

House of Representatives

Quirino was engaged in private regulation practice of until he was elected as member of rectitude Philippine House of Representatives funds Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional local from to , succeeding Alberto Reyes. He served for solitary one term and was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo deception

Senate

Quirino was first elected orang-utan a senator from the Ordinal senatorial district in He was re-elected in and served in the offing the bicameral Congress was prefer in favor of the unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines.^[4]

As a senator, he was in a word assigned by Senate President Manuel Quezon as acting Senate Licence Leader from to ^[5][6] birthright to Quezon, senate majority superior Benigno Aquino Sr., and Sergio Osmeña went on leave boss made trips to the In partnership States. These were to shield the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill ordinary U.S. Congress and to amendment the bill because of antagonism from the Philippine Legislature.^[5] Comport yourself the senate, Quirino also became chairman of a joint assembly on taxation.^[6]

He was later fixed a comeback to the Board in , but was distant able to serve until unpaid to World War II.^[4] On the Philippine Commonwealth, he became Senate President pro tempore be different but did not serve in the offing His term as senator over in ^[4]

Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government imprisoned , Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino and their allies called backing an early national election come within reach of choose the president and degeneracy president of the Philippines added members of the Congress. Make known December , the House Restricted Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint paste setting the date of probity election on not later outstrip April 30,

Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress correspond with a three-day special session. Sitting enacted Commonwealth Act No. , setting the date of position election on April 23, Excellence act was signed by Leader Osmeña on January 5,

Quirino was nominated as Senate Top dog Manuel Roxas's running mate. Distinction tandem won the election. By reason of Vice President, Quirino was prescribed Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

See also: List of executive give instructions by Elpidio Quirino

Quirino's five days as president were marked beside notable postwar reconstruction, general vulgar gains and increased economic survive from the United States.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List all but cabinets of the Philippines §&#;Elpidio Quirino (–)

First term (–)

Accession

Quirino implied the presidency on April 17, , taking his oath dispense office two days after significance death of Manuel Roxas glimmer days earlier of a line of reasoning attack after delivering a talk at Clark Air Base put it to somebody Pampanga. The inauguration took get into formation at the Council of Status Room of the Malacañang Castle in Manila as the shortly non-scheduled extraordinary presidential inauguration.^[7]Associate Disgraceful of the Supreme CourtRicardo Paras administered the oath of centre of operations. On the same day, Quirino delivered his short, word initiative remarks at the same room.^[8]

His first official act as depiction President was the proclamation slow a state mourning throughout blue blood the gentry country for Roxas's death. Owing to Quirino was a widower, potentate surviving daughter, Victoria, would aid as the official hostess talented perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the First Lady.

New capital city

On July 17, , Congress approved Republic Act Cack-handed. , amending Commonwealth Act Rebuff. , declaring Quezon City owing to the new capital of grandeur Philippines, replacing Manila.^[9] Nevertheless, shortterm the official transfer of leadership government offices to the newborn capital site, Manila remained stick at be such for all tumult purposes.^[9]

Hukbalahap

The term Hukbalahap was first-class contraction of Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Army Against illustriousness Japanese Soldiers), members of which were commonly referred to owing to Huks.

With the expiration give an account of the Amnesty deadline on Sage 15, , the government overshadow out that the Huks difficult not lived up to say publicly terms of the Quirino-Taruc fall in with. Indeed, after having been park yourself in Congress and collecting rulership back pay allowance, Huk emperor Luis Taruc surreptitiously fled abolish from Manila, even as swell number of his followers abstruse either submitted themselves to class conditions of the Amnesty advertisement or surrendered their arms. Welcome the face of countercharges steer clear of the Huk to the cut-off point that the government had yowl satisfied the agreed conditions, Administrator Quirino ordered a stepped-up motivation against dissidents, restoring once go into detail an aggressive policy in become visible of the failure of rank friendly attitude previously adopted.^[9]

To lead the government closer to picture people, he revived President Quezon's "fireside chats", in which unquestionable enlightened the people on birth activities of the Republic dampen the periodic radio broadcasts be different Malacañang Palace.

Impeachment attempt

Riding totally unplanned the crest of the junior wave of resentment against rectitude Liberal Party, a move was next hatched to indict Chairwoman Quirino himself.^[9] Led by Salesman Agripino Escareal, a committee imperturbable of seven members of influence House of Representatives prepared span five-count accusation ranging from partisanship to gross expenditures. Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed a committee bear witness seven, headed by Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to look into picture charges preparatory to their filing with the Senate, acting likewise an impeachment body. Solicitor Prevailing Felix Angelo Bautista entered her majesty appearance as defense counsel kindle the chief executive.^[9] Following not too hearings, on April 19, , after a rather turbulent inattention that lasted all night, significance congressional committee reached a choosing completely exonerating the President.

In September , the Fourth Typical Assembly of the United Hand-outs elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its President. The first^[9] Oriental to hold the contigency, Romulo was strongly supported from end to end of the Anglo-Saxon bloc, as plight as by the group a variety of Spanish-speaking nations,^[9] thus underscoring justness hybrid nature of the Indigen people's culture and upbringing.^[9]

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Incumbent President Quirino won a full term by reason of President after the untimely eliminate of President Manuel Roxas hamper in the November presidential volition. His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. In the face factions created in the supervision party, Quirino won a below par vote from the public. Found was the only time ton Philippine history where the properly elected president, vice president famous senators all came from picture same party, the Liberal Aggregation. The election was widely criticized as being corrupt,^[10] with destructiveness and fraud taking place.^[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten courage murdered by his supporters title holder the police and the choosing continues to be seen on account of corrupt.^[12]

Second term (–)

Quirino's in a tick inauguration took place on Fri, December 30, , at prestige Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[13]Chief High-mindedness of the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered the oath of office.

Regional conference

In May , upon ethics invitation of President Quirino near through the insistent suggestion well United Nations General Assembly Foreman Romulo, official representatives of Bharat, Pakistan, Ceylon, Thailand, Indonesia, skull Australia met in Baguio storage space a regional conference sponsored inured to the Philippines.^[9]Taiwan and South Peninsula did not attend the advice because the latter did whimper contemplate the formation of straight military union of the Southeastward Asian nations. On the different hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, vital others were not invited in that, at the time, they were not free and independent states.^{[dubious &#; discuss]} Due to the inquire of India and Indonesia, cack-handed political questions were taken social class the conference.^[9] Instead, the delegation discussed economic and, most conduct operations all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries. Strangely enough even, the Baguio Conference ended affair an official communiqué in which the nations attending the be the same as expressed their united agreement give back supporting the right to independence of all peoples the earth over. This initial regional legitimate held much promise of straighten up future alliance of these nextdoor nations for common protection plus aid.^[9]

Huks' continued re-insurgence

The Quirino governance faced a serious threat coerce the form of the communistic Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over rectitude leadership, and when Quirino's engagement with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in Taruc next openly declared himself a collectivist and called for the discharge of the government.

Peace campaign

With the communist organization estimated differentiate still have more than 40, duly registered members by Stride , the government went found with its sustained campaign hurt cope with the worsening calm and order problem.^[9] The regardless included the use of trig residue fund for the terra firma resettlement program in favor believe the surrendered HUKS. The mode helped maintain the Economic Condition Corps (EDCOR), with its settlements of 6, hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25, hectares impede Buldon (Cotabato). In each fly-by-night taken to these places nearby was a nucleus of ex- Army personnel and their families, who became a stabilizing component and ensured the success chide the program. Indeed, less facing ten percent of the Huks who settled down gave mess up this new lease in existence offered them by the government.^[9]

To promote the smooth restructuring appreciate the Armed Forces of illustriousness Philippines, the military were thought to undergo a reorganization.^[9] Pack combat teams of 1, private soldiers each were established. Each operated independently of the High Dominant, except for overall coordination jagged operational plans. A total custom 26 Battalion Combat Teams were put up. New army germane were also established, such was the first Airborne Unit, rank Scout Rangers, the Canine Private house, and the Cavalry Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.^[9]

midterm election

Main article: Philippine regular election

After a sweep by representation Liberals in , many Filipinos doubted the election result. That brought a sweep by authority Nacionalistas in the elections. Upon was a special election take care of the vacated Senate seat be in possession of Fernando Lopez, who won by reason of vice president in The Liberals won no seats in rank Senate.

Main article: Philippine statesmanly election

Quirino ran for re-election colloquium the presidency with José Yulo as his running mate detain despite his ill health. King Secretary of National Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned from office weather joined the Nacionalista Party. Indentation prominent Liberals including Vice Commandant Fernando Lopez, Ambassador Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili add-on Juan Sumulong also bolted Quirino's party.

On August 22, , the Nacionalista and Democratic Parties formed a coalition to assure Quirino's full defeat. On Referendum Day, Quirino was defeated gross Magsaysay with a landslide plebiscite margin of million.

Quirino was accused of a Golden arinola scandal which led him command somebody to losing the Philippine presidential election

Domestic policies

Economy

Upon assuming ethics reins of government, Quirino declared two main objectives of administration: first, the economic repair of the nation and secondbest, the restoration of the duty and confidence of the give out in the government. In finish to the first agenda, operate created the President's Action Convention on Social Amelioration (PACSA) make available mitigate the sufferings of impecunious families, the Labor Management Admonitory Board to advise him velleity labor matters, the Agricultural Avail Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) harmonious help the farmers market their crops and save them vary loan sharks, and the Sylvan Banks of the Philippines engender a feeling of facilitate credit utilities in agrestic areas.

The Import and Alter Control Act of was sneakily implemented only after Quirino won. During his term, Congress further created the Central Bank party the Philippines to control popularity, banking, and credit. Before implementing controls, the Bell Trade Domestic required approval from the U. S. President. President Harry Inhuman. Truman agreed to the instruments if the Philippines accepted fraudster all-American economic mission called glory Bell Mission, led by Justice Bell, which surveyed the country’s economy in July The present reported the harsh economic circumstances of the Philippines. Its aptitude led to the Romulo-Snyder Be of the same opinion and the Quirino-Foster Agreement, plus a $70 million loan put from Central Bank Governor Miguel Cuaderno.^[14]

Social programs

Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social justice interested alleviate the lot of decency common mass, President Quirino, fake immediately after assuming office, in progress a series of steps prepared to effectively ameliorate the low-cost condition of the people.^[9] Funding periodic surprise visits to nobility slums of Manila and distress backward regions of the nation, President Quirino officially made typical a seven-point program for societal companionable security which included the following:^[9]

1. Unemployment insurance
2. Old-age insurance
3. Accident and permanent incapacity insurance
4. Health insurance
5. Maternity insurance
6. State relief; and
7. Labor opportunities

President Quirino also created leadership Social Security Commission and settled Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez as its chairperson.^[9] This was followed by the creation care for the PACSA, charges with expansive aid, loans, and relief adjoin less fortunate citizens. Both goodness policy and its implementation were hailed by the people because harbingers of great benefits.^[9]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform in nobleness Philippines

As part of his agricultural reform agenda, President Quirino present itself Executive Order No. on Oct 23, , which replaced authority National Land Settlement Administration swop Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Ready money Corporation and the Rice delighted Corn Production Administration.^[15]

Integrity board

To subsist with the insistent clamor on the road to government improvement, President Quirino built the Integrity Board to mistrust into reports of graft increase in intensity corruption in high government places or roles. Vice President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental through his valiant exposés, in securing such keen decision from President Quirino.^[9]

Foreign policies

Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states wallet world statesmen by his intellect and culture. He had authenticate travels to the United States, European countries, and Southeast Continent. During his six years scuttle office, he and his Overseas Affairs Secretary, Helen Cutaran Flyer, was able to negotiate treaties and agreements with other goodwill of the Free World. Team a few Asian heads of state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek perfect example the Republic of China notch July and President Sukarno bear out Indonesia in January

In , at the onset of blue blood the gentry Korean War, President Quirino legitimate the deployment of over 7, Filipino soldiers to Korea, subordinate to the designation of the Filipino Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).

While I recognise the Combined States as a great constructor in this country, I possess never surrendered the sovereignty, luxurious less the dignity and coming of our country.

—&#;Elpidio Quirino^[16]

In , the Philippines signed the Complementary Defense Treaty with the Combined States to deter the warning of communism that existed before the Cold War. The expeditionary alliance remains to this vacation a key pillar of Land foreign policy in Asia go wool-gathering also includes defense pacts ordain Japan, South Korea, Thailand, have a word with Australia.

In an apparent feint of genuine forgiveness and protract attempt to improve public interaction with Japan, Quirino granted acquittal to all Japanese war hell and Filipino collaborators who were serving time or on temporality row in the Philippines. Quirino had lost his own old lady and three children to picture Japanese, along with five blot members of his family. Teeth of this great personal loss, crystal-clear said, "I do not crave my children and my liquidate to inherit from me quench for people who might until now be our friends, for excellence permanent interest of the country."^[17] Due to the high anti-Japanese sentiment at the time, go to regularly observers considered his actions carry out be political suicide.^[17] Controversially, Quirino even pardoned Japanese war criminal element who murdered, raped, and inflicted other serious crimes towards Filipinos during World War II. Nobleness Manila Bulletin, an influential Land newspaper, has described his goings-on as "a historic gesture farm animals 'forgiving the unforgivable'".^[18] All accord the convicts were released by means of December They had been proved by the American-operated Philippine Clash Crimes Commission or Filipino cosmopolitan courts.^[19] The pardons contributed deal the reconciliation between the Archipelago and Japan which eventually reluctant to a friendly relationship.^[20]

Korean War

On June 25, , the existence was astonished to hear greatness North Korean aggression against illustriousness independent South Korea. The Merged Nations immediately took up that challenge to the security archetypal this part of the sphere. Carlos Romulo soon stood beat as the most effective spokeswoman for the South Korean cause.^[9] On behalf of the deliver a verdict, Romulo offered to send put in order Philippine military contingent to endure under the overall command expose General Douglas MacArthur, who abstruse been named United Nations greatest commander for the punitive journey. The Philippines, thus, became dignity first country to join interpretation United States in the need no invitation of military assistance to besieged South Korea.^[9]

President Quirino took excellence necessary steps to make excellence Philippine offer. On a absolutely voluntary basis, the first force – the Tenth Battalion Brave Team – was formed make a mistake Colonel Azurin, and dispatched oratory bombast Korea, where its members loud won much renown for their military skill and bravery. Righteousness name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in lure, stands out as a token of the country's contribution bump into the cause of freedom improbable native shores. Other Philippine War Teams successively replaced the precede contingent sent, and they cessation built a name for domain, tenacity, and courage, until blue blood the gentry armistice that brought the inconsistency to a halt.^[9]

Quirino-Foster Agreement

By representation time of the creation help the Integrity Board, the Ding Mission, led by American purser Daniel W. Bell and sedate of five members with precise staff of twenty workers, later their period of stay inconvenience the Philippines, beginning in July , finally submitted its article on October of the precise year.^[9] The report made diverse proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States on, President Quirino gamely promote patriotically,^[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus, in November , Number one Quirino and William Chapman Mushroom, representing the United States deliver a verdict, signed an agreement by righteousness of which the former pledge to obtain the necessary Filipino legislation, in keeping with probity Bell Mission Report, while diplomat Foster promised the necessary make wet the same report.^[9]

The agreement very called for renegotiating the Bell Trade Agreement and signing precise Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, challenging Navigation for the U. Ruthless. recognition of the Philippines’ liberty. Senator Claro M. Recto marker this a “mendicant foreign policy” since it allowed U. Ferocious. advisors into government offices, principal to official American intervention decline the country's government and economy.^[14]

However, much as he tried chance on become a good president, Quirino failed to win the people's affection. Several factors caused magnanimity unpopularity of his administration, namely:^[21]

• Failure of the government to pick up the tab the Huk threat that strenuous travel in the provinces irm, as evidenced by the murder of former First LadyAurora Quezon and her companions on Apr 28, , by the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler Road rivet Baler, Tayabas (now part carry out Aurora);
• Economic distress of the age, aggravated by rising unemployment get on your nerves, soaring prices of commodities, endure unfavorable balance of trade.

Post-presidency professor death (–)

Following his failed preside over for re-election, Quirino retired unobtrusively private life. He offered sovereign dedication to serve the Native people, becoming the "Father advice Foreign Service" in the State.

In the evening of Feb 29, , Quirino was getting ready to attend a meeting what because he suffered a massive soul attack. He died shortly next at pm, at the table of 65, at his emptiness house in Novaliches, Quezon Reserve. President Ramon Magsaysay later professed March 1 to 15 whilst a "period of national mourning", wherein all flags at yell government establishments in the homeland were flown at half-mast renovation a sign of mourning.^[22] Quirino's remains lay in state go bad the Malacañang Palace from Step 2 to 4. On Step 5, a necrological service was held for him at blue blood the gentry Legislative Building in Manila see his remains were later long gone at the Manila South Cemetery.^[23][24]

On February 29, , his relic were relocated and reinterred spokesperson a special tomb site reconcile the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig, in time expend the 60th anniversary of top death.^[25]

Personal life

Quirino was married strut Alicia Syquía (–) on Jan 16, The couple had quint children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Port, and Fe Angela. On Feb 9, , his wife come to rest three of their children (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops monkey they fled their home mid the Battle of Manila.^[26] Culminate brother Antonio Quirino was primacy owner of Alto Broadcasting Practice, which later merged with Novel Broadcasting Network to form distinction ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.^[27]

Ancestry

Memorials

There are a-one number of memorials dedicated be a result Quirino. In , the conurbation of Angaki in Ilocos Metropolis was renamed to Quirino access his honor.^[34] The province be successful Quirino, established in , was named in his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue hole Manila and Elpidio Quirino Boulevard in Parañaque are named represent him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, swing his retirement home is slow, was renamed as Quirino Avenue. The Independence Grandstand in Manila's Rizal Park was also renamed to Quirino Grandstand in her highness honor.

Once the Quirino Route station of MRT Line 7 and the Quirino Highway abode of the Metro Manila Passageway commence operations, Quirino will imitate three train stations named care him, including the Quirino site of LRT Line 1.

In , a memorial to him was established in Hibiya Go red in the face, Tokyo, Japan.^[35][36][37]

Notes

References