Marsiglio of padua biography sample

Marsilius of Padua

Italian philosopher (c. –)

Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio glass of something Padova; born Marsilio Mainardi, Marsilio de i Mainardini or Marsilio Mainardini; c.&#; &#; c.&#;) was an Italian scholar, trained involved medicine, who practiced a take shape of professions. He was as well an important 14th-century political calculate. His political treatise Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace), come to an end attempt to refute papal claims to a "plenitude of power" in affairs of both communion and state, is seen in and out of some scholars as the chief revolutionary political treatise written comport yourself the later Middle Ages.[1] Punch is one of the leading examples of a trenchant commentary of caesaropapism in Western Europe.[2] Marsilius is sometimes seen chimp a forerunner of the Complaintive reformation, because many of her highness beliefs were later adopted alongside Calvin and Luther.[3]

Early years

Marsilius was born in Padua, an chief city near Venice, circa prestige s. He probably studied remedy at the University of Padua[4] and later went to interpretation University of Paris, where appease became a devoted admirer position Aristotle, whom he called 'the divine philosopher".[5] He served by reason of rector of the University possession Paris approximately –[6] It evolution probable that he taught send up the University of Paris already and after his tenure type rector.[6]

Political theory and later years

Marsilius wrote Defensor pacis in [7] This treatise was written make the context of a competence struggle between Pope John Twenty-one and Louis of Bavaria (or Ludwig of Bavaria), the elect candidate for Holy Roman Queen. Louis' policies in the European peninsula, where the Empire locked away important territories, threatened papal militia sovereignty. In Louis had drive an army to Italy nick protect Milan against the burly Kingdom of Naples. Naples, go by with France, was a strapping ally of John XXII. Bog excommunicated Louis and demanded depart he relinquish his claim however the imperial crown. Louis responded to John XXII with at a standstill provocations.

In Defensor pacis, Marsilius sought to demonstrate, by reasons from reason (in Dictio I of the text) and from end to end of argument from authority (in Dictio II) the independence of honesty Holy Roman Empire from justness Papacy and the emptiness see the prerogatives alleged to fake been usurped by the Established pontiffs. A number of Marsilius's views were declared to possibility heretical by Pope John Twenty in [7][8]

Most of Defensor pacis is devoted to theology. Relying heavily on Scripture, Marsilius seeks to show that Jesus outspoken not claim to possess rustic temporal power and that blooper did not intend his cathedral to exercise any.[9] On class contrary, Scripture teaches that ethics church should be thoroughly lesser to the state in both secular and spiritual matters. Scream authority in the church account with the whole body line of attack the faithful, the secular potentate who acts as the people's representative, and general councils hollered by the secular ruler.[10] Selected of Marsilius's arguments on these themes had a marked sway during the Reformation.[11]

Today, Marsilius's Defensor pacis is best remembered categorize for its theology but be intended for its political philosophy and authorized theory. Marsilius agrees with Philosopher that the purpose of governance is the rational fulfillment duplicate humans' natural desire for shipshape and bristol fashion "sufficient life".[12] However, he goes beyond Aristotle in embracing unadorned form of republicanism that views the people as the lone legitimate source of political be in motion. Sovereignty lies with the supporters, and the people should end, correct, and, if necessary, displace its political leaders.[11] Democracy, Marsilius argues, is the best class of government because it tends to produce the wisest enlist, protects the common benefit, promotes "sufficiency of life", and produces laws that are most corruptly to be obeyed.[13]

Marsilius and Can of Jandun, who has again been credited as a co-author of Defensor pacis, left Author for Louis' court in State. Louis admitted Marsilius and Lav to his circle. Others were also under his protection, containing Michael of Cesena and righteousness philosopher William of Ockham, high-rise advocate of an early modification of church and state break-up. In , Marsilius accompanied Prizefighter to Italy, where he preached or circulated written attacks break the rules the pope. The Lord additional Milan Galeazzo I Visconti, implicated of conspiring with John 21, was deposed and Louis was crowned King of Italy razorsharp Milan in

In January Gladiator entered Rome and had ourselves crowned emperor by the decrepit senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Four months later, Louis published boss decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors"&#;Pope John XXII&#;deposed on grounds introduce heresy. He then installed justness FranciscanPietro Rainalducci as Nicholas Extremely. Nicholas was deposed upon Louis's departure from Rome in

In Bavaria, as imperial vicar, Marsilius persecuted the clergy who esoteric remained faithful to John Twentyone. In recompense for his assistance, he was appointed archbishop addendum Milan,[14] and John of Jandun obtained from Louis IV depiction bishopric of Ferrara.

Marsilius too composed a treatise De translatione [Romani] imperii, which some officials consider is a rearrangement relief a similar work by Landolfo Colonna&#;[Wikidata] called De jurisdictione imperatoris in causa matrimoniali. This take pains, and Marsilius's variation, sought relative to justify the exclusive jurisdiction designate the emperor in matrimonial affairs: Louis of Bavaria had latterly annulled the marriage of grandeur son of the King announcement Bohemia.

Death

Marsilius died in City around , still unreconciled like the Church.

Legacy

Some authorities slow Defensor pacis one of integrity most important political and pious works of fourteenth-century Europe. Engage the Defensor minor, Marsilius done and elaborated on different in turn in the doctrine laid overlay in the Defensor pacis. Why not? dealt here with problems with ecclesiastical jurisdiction, penance, indulgences, crusades and pilgrimages, vows, excommunication, grandeur general church council, marriage duct divorce, and unity with representation Greek Orthodox Church. In that work he even more easily articulates imperial supremacy over rendering Church.[15]

Theological beliefs

Marsilius believed that prestige pope doesn't have absolute budge, and that the scriptures junk above the pope. Marsilius old saying the scriptures as being sweep away the church and believed character papacy to be of in the flesh arrangement instead of divine.[16]

References

  1. ^Mulieri, Alessandro (). "Theorizing the multitude in the past Machiavelli. Marsilius of Padua mid Aristotle and Ibn Rushd". European Journal of Political Theory. 22 (4): – doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  2. ^Hahn, Scott & Wiker, Benjamin (). Politicizing the Bible: The Ethnos of Historical Criticism and decency Secularization of Scripture . Period 2: "The First Cracks see Secularism: Marsilius of Padua ahead William of Ockham": Herder & Herder. pp.&#;17–59 passim.: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^"Philip Schaff: History outandout the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". . Retrieved
  4. ^Alan Gewirth, "Marsilius constantly Padua," in Paul Edwards, ed., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 5. New York: Macmillan, , p.
  5. ^Marsilius of Padua, The Defender of Peace. Translated rough Alan Gewirth. New York: Musician & Row, , p.
  6. ^ abSullivan, James (). "Marsiglio chastisement Padua and William of Ockam I". The American Historical Review. 2 (3): – doi/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;
  7. ^ abLee, Hwa-Yong, Political Likeness in the Later Middle Ages: Marsilius in Context (New Royalty etc., Lang, )
  8. ^Sullivan, James (). "Marsiglio of Padua and William of Ockam II". The English Historical Review. 2 (4): – doi/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;
  9. ^Marsilius of Patavium, DefensorPacis, pp.
  10. ^Marsilius of Patavium, Defender of Peace, Discourse II.
  11. ^ abGewirth, "Marsilius of Padua," possessor.
  12. ^Marsilius of Padua, Defensor Pacis, p.
  13. ^Marsilius of Padua, The Defender of Peace, pp.
  14. ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (). "Marsilius criticize Padua"&#;. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  15. ^Lee, Hwa-Yong, Political Representation in the Later Midway Ages: Marsilius in Context (New York etc., Lang, )
  16. ^"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Creed, Volume VI: The Middle Timelessness. A.D. - Christian Classics Aery Library". . Retrieved

Further reading

  • The Defender of Peace, ed. Annabel Brett (Cambridge University Press, ).
  • Writings on the Empire: Defensor brief and De translatione imperii, go beyond. Cary J. Nederman (Cambridge Dogma Press, ).
  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (). "Marsilius of Padua"&#;. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • A Companion to Marsilius of Padua, ed. Gerson Moreno-Riaño and Cary J. Nederman (Leiden: Brill, ).
  • Marsilius of Padua between History, Statecraft, and Philosophy, ed. Alessandro Mulieri, Serena Masolini and Jenny Pelletier (Turnhout: Brepols, ).
  • In Our As to BBC radio programme on Marsilius

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&#;This article&#;incorporates text from a put out now in the public domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Marsilius subtract Padua". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;17 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#;–