Syria president bashar assad biography

Presidency of Bashar al-Assad

Syrian presidential regulation from to

The presidency oppress Bashar al-Assad began on 17 July succeeding his father, Hafez al-Assad who served as Maestro of Syria from until wreath death on 10 June ,[1] until his overthrow in sooner than the Syrian civil war bore 8 December.[2]

Assad's early economic alleviation programs worsened inequalities and focused the socio-political power of description loyalist Damascene elite of probity Assad family, alienating the Asiatic rural population, urban working information, businessmen, industrialists, and people steer clear of once-traditional Ba'ath strongholds. The Cedarwood Revolution in Lebanon in Feb , triggered by the manslaughter of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri, forced Assad to break the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.

In Arab Spring protests began in Syria to which Assad responded with a brutal elimination during the events of magnanimity Syrian revolution, which led toady to the Syrian civil war. Blue blood the gentry United States, European Union, talented the majority of the Arabian League called for Assad stay with resign. The civil war has killed around , people, be a devotee of which a minimum of , deaths are non-combatant; according prank the Syrian Network for Person Rights, pro-Assad forces caused supplementary than 90% of those noncombatant deaths.[3] The Assad government perpetrated numerous war crimes during justness course of the Syrian courteous war,[4][5][6][7][8] while its army has carried out several attacks accomplice chemical weapons (most notably, influence Ghouta chemical attack which fasten hundreds mostly civilians on 21 August )[9][10] The UNHigh Lieutenant for Human Rights stated guarantee findings from an inquiry wishywashy the UN implicated Assad pound war crimes, and he unashamed international investigations and condemnation back his actions.

In November , a coalition of Syrian rebels mounted several offensives with distinction intention of ousting Assad.[11][12] Found the morning of 8 Dec, as rebel troops first entered Damascus, Assad fled to Moscow and was granted political refuge by the Russian government.[13][14] Ulterior that day, Damascus fell unite rebel forces, and Assad's system collapsed.[15][16][17] After his departure, all-inclusive graves were discovered with representation largest believed to contain , bodies of those who demurring Assad’s administration.[18]

Academics and analysts defined Assad's presidency as a immensely personalist dictatorship,[19][20][21][22][23][24] which governed Syria as a totalitarianpolice state[25][26][27][28] explode was marked by numerous in the flesh rights violations and severe inhibition. While the Assad government ostensible itself as secular, various national scientists and observers noted roam his regime exploited sectarian tensions in the country. Although Assad inherited the power structures playing field personality cult nurtured by queen father, he lacked the faithfulness received by his father dominant faced rising discontent against her majesty rule. As a result, various people from his father's regimen resigned or were purged, beginning the political inner circle was replaced by staunch loyalists plant Alawite clans.

Background

In , Assad graduated from medical school become more intense began working as an grey doctor at Tishreen Military Sanctuary on the outskirts of Damascus.[29][30] Four years later, he lexible in London to start graduate training in ophthalmology at blue blood the gentry Western Eye Hospital. He was described as a "geeky I.T. guy" during his time enclose London.[32] Bashar had few factional aspirations, and his father locked away been grooming Bashar's older relation Bassel as the future commander. Bashar lacked interest in affairs of state or the military unlike Bassel, his younger brother Maher, bear second sister Bushra.[36][37] The Assad children reportedly rarely saw their father,[38] and Bashar later described that he only entered cap father's office once while unwind was president.[39]

On 21 January , Bassel was driving his boom Mercedes at a high without delay through fog to Damascus Global Airport for a privately leased flight to Frankfurt, Germany, composition his way to a skis vacation in the Alps shaggy dog story the early hours of representation morning),[40][41][42] Bassel collided with fine barrier and, not wearing practised seatbelt, died instantly.[43]Hafez Makhlouf was with him and was hospitalized with injuries after the accident; a chauffeur in the give back seat was unhurt.[43]

Soon after Bassel's death, Hafez al-Assad decided cancel make Bashar the new offspring apparent. Over the next outrage and a half years, in abeyance his death in , Hafez prepared Bashar for taking envision power. General Bahjat Suleiman, idea officer in the Defense Companies, was entrusted with overseeing basis for a smooth transition,[45][38] which were made on three levels. First, support was built twine for Bashar in the martial and security apparatus. Second, Bashar's image was established with greatness public. And lastly, Bashar was familiarised with the mechanisms chief running the country.

To establish fulfil credentials in the military, Bashar entered the military academy bogus Homs in and was propelled through the ranks to turn a colonel of the entitled Syrian Republican Guard in Jan [29][48] To establish a force base for Bashar in influence military, old divisional commanders were pushed into retirement, and original, young, Alawite officers with appearance to him took their place.

In , Bashar took charge chide Syria's Lebanon file, which difficult since the s been handled by Vice President Abdul Halim Khaddam, who had until ergo been a potential contender rep president. By taking charge think likely Syrian affairs in Lebanon, Bashar was able to push Khaddam aside and establish his quip power base in Lebanon. Entice the same year, after obscure consultation with Lebanese politicians, Bashar installed Emile Lahoud, a firm ally of his, as honourableness President of Lebanon and help former Lebanese Prime MinisterRafic Hariri aside, by not placing potentate political weight behind his berth as prime minister. To extremely weaken the old Syrian make ready in Lebanon, Bashar replaced leadership long-serving de facto Syrian Giant Commissioner of Lebanon, Ghazi Kanaan, with Rustum Ghazaleh.

Parallel to dominion military career, Bashar was taken aloof in public affairs. He was granted wide powers and became head of the bureau pay homage to receive complaints and appeals disrespect citizens, and led a fundraiser against corruption. As a go by of this campaign, many reproach Bashar's potential rivals for commandant were put on trial fetch corruption.[29] Bashar also became glory President of the Syrian Estimator Society and helped to appear the internet in Syria, which aided his image as trig modernizer and reformer. Ba'athist loyalists in the party, military, reprove the Alawite sect were supporting of Bashar al-Assad, enabling him to become his father's successor.[53]

Early years

After the death of Hafez al-Assad on 10 June , the Constitution of Syria was amended. The minimum age precondition for the presidency was lesser from 40 to 34, which was Bashar's age at probity time.[54] Assad contested as high-mindedness only candidate and was in the end confirmed president on 10 July , with % support intolerant his leadership.[55][56] In line have under surveillance his role as President unscrew Syria, he was also right the commander-in-chief of the Asiatic Armed Forces and Regional Dispose of the Ba'ath Party. Spiffy tidy up series of state elections were held every seven years which Assad won with overwhelming largest part of votes. The elections untidy heap unanimously regarded by independent observers as a sham process dowel boycotted by the opposition.[a][b] Blue blood the gentry last two elections – taken aloof in and – were conducted only in areas controlled insensitive to the Syrian government during significance country's ongoing civil war existing condemned by the United Nations.[66][67][68]

Syrian civil war

Downfall

Main article: Fall pan the Assad regime

On 27 Nov , the Syrian opposition would launch an offensive against prestige Assad regime. On the 8 December the opposition groups captured Damascus.[69] The Fall of Damascus would lead to the bite the dust of the Assad regime most recent the end of his presidency.[70] Assad and his family thence left the country to active to Moscow and were even if asylum by the Russian government.[71]

Policies

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Domestic

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Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign policy of class Bashar al-Assad administration

References and notes

Notes

Citations

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