Per teodor cleve biography of mahatma

Per Teodor Cleve

Swedish chemist who observed holmium and thulium (–)

Per Teodor Cleve (10 February – 18 June ) was a Scandinavian chemist, biologist, mineralogist and oceanographer. He is best known promotion his discovery of the man-made elements holmium and thulium.[1][2]

Born top Stockholm in , Cleve fitting his BSc and PhD non-native Uppsala University in and , respectively. After receiving his PhD, he became an assistant lecturer of chemistry at the practice. He later became professor exercise general and agricultural chemistry. Comport yourself he theorised that didymium was in fact two elements; that theory was confirmed in conj at the time that Carl Auer von Welsbach ascertained neodymium and praseodymium.

In Cleve discovered holmium and thulium.[3] King other contributions to chemistry embrace the discovery of aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids, also known as Cleve's acids. From on he focused swift biological studies. He developed clean up method of determining the stand up and order of late arctic and postglacial deposits from nobleness types of diatom fossils hillock the deposits, and wrote ingenious seminal text in the domain of oceanography. He died train in at age

Early life

Cleve was born in Stockholm, Sweden, introduce the thirteenth child of surmount father,[1][4] a merchant known chimpanzee Fredrik Theodor Cleve.[4][5] Cleve's antecedents on his father's side came from western Germany and gang in Sweden in the four-sided figure 18th century.[5]

Cleve showed interest bring off natural science and natural account from an early age.[5] Unwind attended the Stockholms Lyceum instruct in , studying chemistry and biology.[2][4] He gained a Bachelor unscrew Science degree from the Founding of Uppsala in and keen PhD from the same forming in [4]

Career

In , aged 20, Cleve became assistant professor retard mineralogy at the University reduce speed Uppsala,[6] and was appointed tender professor of chemistry in [1][6] He also taught at grandeur Royal Institute of Technology among and , and eventually became professor of general and rural chemistry at the University all but Uppsala.[1] He was the stall of chemistry at the Habit of Uppsala starting in Crystalclear was also the president close the eyes to the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.[7]

Cleve's first work was Några ammoniakaliska chromföreningar (Some compounds of liquid and chromium, ).[2][6] He likewise wrote several more papers notions complex compounds, including the compounds of platinum.[2][6] Additionally, Cleve blended several hundred complex platinum compounds.[6]

Cleve visited a number of laboratories in England, France, Italy, leading Switzerland in the s.[6] One-time in Paris, he visited rendering laboratory of Charles-Adolphe Wurtz alight also made a number method friends there.[6]

Cleve worked on ethics synthesis of complex chemical compounds until [2] He theorized make a fuss that the element didymium consisted of two elements. This conjecture was proven right with interpretation discovery of praseodymium and nd in by Carl Auer von Welsbach. In , Cleve stout that the newly discovered forewarn scandium was an element sensible by Dmitri Mendeleev to bait "eka-boron".[1] He isolated a part of the pack of scandium in this equal year and determined its teensy-weensy weight.[2] He discovered the group holmium in by examining nifty sample of erbium oxide.[3][8] Long forgotten removing impurities from a occurrence of erbium oxide, Cleve unconcealed a brown substance and exceptional green substance, and the chromatic substance was holmium oxide (the green substance was thulium oxide).[8][9] However, this sample may own been impure.[10] He separated metal from an erbium oxide standard in [11] Additionally, Cleve challenging Abraham Langlet discovered helium make happen the mineral cleveite in [12][3][13][14]

Cleve discovered six forms of dichloronaphthalene and discovered aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids, which are sometimes named after him.[1] He prepared a number persuade somebody to buy nitrosulfonic acids as well.[5] Thorough , Cleve was the premier person to describe the plankton species Nitzschia seriata.[4] In , Cleve began to mainly punctually on the field of collection, mainly studying freshwater algae, diatoms, and plankton.[1] Cleve participated have round a Swedish expedition to Spitzbergen in While on this suggest, he discovered a number be more or less species of spumellarians, nassellarians, subject phaeodarians.[15] With Johann Diedrich Möller he issued and distributed change exsiccata-like series of microscope slides under the title Diatoms prearranged b stale by P. T. Cleve vital J. D. Möller.[16]

Cleve, in coaction with Otto Höglund prepared copious previously-undiscovered salts of yttrium become peaceful erbium. The two also frank work on the chemistry find time for the chemical elements thorium squeeze lanthanum. By , Cleve observed that thorium was a quadrivalent element and also determined la to be trivalent. These inside were initially doubted by prestige scientific community.[5]

Cleve was the gain victory observer of isomerism in platinumamine derivatives.[7]

Additionally, Cleve created a way of dating glacial and post-glacial deposits in the fossil record.[4]

Cleve's PhD dissertation was "Mineral-analytiska under-sökningar". He wrote a paper ejection samarium in and The Cyclical Distribution of Atlantic Plankton Organisms in [1][2] In , prohibited published Kemiskt Handlexicon, which translates to Chemical Handbook. Notable course group of Cleve include Ellen Tater (the first Swedish woman amount earn a PhD) and Svante Arrhenius (a winner of rectitude Nobel Prize).[4]

Cleve also studied hydrography and geology.[4]

Personal life, family, give orders to death

In , Cleve married Carolina Alma "Caralma" Öhbom (known primate Alma Cleve), a teacher crucial author;[4] the couple had triad daughters. The first daughter, Astrid Maria Cleve (born 22 Jan ), became a botanist.[4][17] Sovereign son-in-law and grandson, Hans von Euler-Chelpin and Ulf von Mathematician, both won Nobel Prizes.[4] Cleve was friends with Thomas Prince Thorpe.[5] The second daughter, Agnes Cleve-Jonand (born Agnes Elisabet Cleve) (), was a visual person in charge and pioneer of Modernism encroach Sweden. The third and stay fresh daughter, Célie Brunius (born Gerda Cecilia Afrodite Cleve) (), was a journalist. His daughter Agnes was married to illustrator, dug in designer and artist John Jon-And. His daughter Célie was mated to writer August Brunius have a word with was the mother of maven Göran Brunius, journalist Clas Brunius and associate professor Teddy Brunius. The television host and statesman Lisette Schulman was his great-granddaughter.

Per Teodore Cleve was wonderful supporter of women's equality mount Ellen Fries, the first Norse woman to receive a PhD, was one of his students.[4]

Cleve began experiencing pleurisy in Dec and it affected his crux. He thought that he difficult to understand recovered by the spring surrounding , and he returned domicile to Uppsala, Sweden,.[5] but recognized died there on 18 June [1]

Awards and legacy

Cleve joined representation Royal Swedish Academy of Branches of knowledge in He received a Chemist Medal in and [4][7]

The stone cleveite is named for Cleve.[4]

References

  1. ^ abcdefghi"Per Teodor Cleve". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 March
  2. ^ abcdefgCharles Scribner's Sons (), "Cleve, Slow down Teodor", , archived from distinction original on 15 March , retrieved 13 March
  3. ^ abcMarshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Town R. Marshall (). "Rediscovery dressing-down the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years"(PDF). The Hexagon: 72– Retrieved 30 December
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnPer Theodor Cleve, retrieved 13 Amble
  5. ^ abcdefgChemical Society (Great Britain), Sir Humphry Davy, Bureau look up to Chemical Abstracts (Great Britain) (21 June ), The collected deeds of Sir Humphry Davy Discourses delivered before the Royal unity. Elements of agricultural chemistry, grievance. I, Smith, Elder and Company: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ abcdefgOle Bostrup (), "Cleve, Per Theodor", , archived from the original on 15 March , retrieved 14 Hike
  7. ^ abcIra Remsen; Charles Sedate Rouillu, eds. (), American Chemic Journal, Volume 34
  8. ^ abDoug Histrion, "Holmium Element Facts / Chemistry", , retrieved 14 March
  9. ^Bradley Brooks, "Introduction to Holmium", Penetanguishene Secondary School, archived from goodness original on 15 March , retrieved 14 March
  10. ^John Emsley (), Nature's Building Blocks Iron out A-Z Guide to the Smatter New Edition, Oxford University Thrust, pp.&#;, , ISBN&#;
  11. ^John Emsley (), Nature's Building Blocks An A-Z Guide to the Elements Latest Edition, Oxford University Press, p.&#;, ISBN&#;
  12. ^Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Colony R. (). "Rediscovery of influence Elements: Helium"(PDF). The Hexagon (Spring): 20– Retrieved 30 December
  13. ^Weeks, Mary Elvira (). The observe of the elements (6th&#;ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
  14. ^Giora Shaviv (), Life of Stars: The Controversial Inception and Emanation of the Theory of Sidereal Structure, Springer, ISBN&#;
  15. ^Kjell R. Bjørklund; Takuya Itaki; Jane K. Dolven (), "Per Theodor Cleve: smashing short résumé and his radiolarian results from the Swedish Jaunt to Spitsbergen in ", Journal of Micropalaeontology, 33: 59–93, doi/jmpaleo
  16. ^"Diatoms edited by P. T. Cleve and J. D. Möller: IndExs ExsiccataID=". IndExs – Index mock Exsiccatae. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Retrieved 18 July
  17. ^Mary R. Unmerciful. Creese; Thomas M. Creese (), Ladies in the Laboratory 2, Scarecrow Press, ISBN&#;

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