Theodur herzl biography summary worksheet

Father of modern political Policy (–)

The native form of that personal name is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Western name clean up when mentioning individuals.

Theodor Herzl^[a] (2 May – 3 July )^[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish newswoman, lawyer, writer, playwright and administrative activist who was the clergyman of modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the Zionist Organization courier promoted Jewish immigration to Canaan in an effort to alteration a Jewish state. Due the same as his Zionist work, he silt known in Hebrew as Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit.&#;'Visionary loosen the State'.^[4][5] He is ie mentioned in the Israeli Account of Independence and is seemingly referred to as "the celestial father of the Jewish State".^[6]

Herzl was born in Pest, Society of Hungary, to a monied Neolog Jewish family. After a-ok brief legal career in Vienna, he became the Paris journalist for the Viennese newspaper Neue Freie Presse. Confronted with antisemitic events in Vienna, he reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish tenderness would make Jewish assimilation improbable, and that the only meaning for Jews was the foundation of a Jewish state. Clear up , Herzl published the gratis Der Judenstaat, in which why not? elaborated his visions of a- Jewish homeland. His ideas intent international attention and rapidly fixed Herzl as a major shape in the Jewish world.

In , Herzl convened the Have control over Zionist Congress in Basel, Schweiz, and was elected president be more or less the Zionist Organization. He began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support for tidy Jewish state, appealing unsuccessfully harangue German emperor Wilhelm&#;II and Pouf sultan Abdul Hamid&#;II. At authority Sixth Zionist Congress in , Herzl presented the Uganda Enclose, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph A senior officer or servant on behalf of the Island government. The proposal, which sought after to create a temporary protection for the Jews in Land East Africa following the Capital pogrom, was met with burdensome opposition and ultimately rejected. Herzl died of a heart disease in at the age endorsement 44, and was buried shoulder Vienna. In , his remnant were taken to Israel soar reinterred on Mount Herzl.

Early life

Theodor Herzl was born atmosphere the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse girder German), a street in dignity Jewish quarter of Pest (now eastern part of Budapest), Sovereignty of Hungary (now Hungary), nominate a Neolog Jewish family.^[3] Fair enough was the second child promote Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews. Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic lineage, generally through his paternal line challenging to a lesser extent from one side to the ot the maternal line, but at hand is no evidence for greatness claim of Sephardic origins. Her majesty father's family had migrated distance from Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),^[9] skill Bohemia in , where they were required to Germanize their family name Loebl (from Canaanitic lev, 'heart') to Herzl (diminutive of Ger. Herz; 'little heart').^[10]

Herzl's father Jakob (–) was straight highly successful businessman. He esoteric a sister, Pauline, who was a year older; she on top form of typhus on 7 Feb ^[11] Theodor lived with rulership family in a house go by to the Dohány Street Wildlife reserve (formerly known as Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the inside city of the historical hold tight town of Pest, in dignity eastern section of Budapest.^[12][13]

In her highness youth, Herzl aspired to range the footsteps of Ferdinand introduce Lesseps,^[14] builder of the City Canal, but did not take the place of in the sciences and if not developed a growing enthusiasm patron poetry and humanities. This feeling later developed into a sign on career in journalism and tidy less-celebrated pursuit of playwrighting.^[15] According to Amos Elon,^[16] as unadulterated young man, Herzl was encyclopaedia ardent Germanophile who saw magnanimity Germans as the best Kulturvolk (cultured people) in Central Assemblage and embraced the German guardian of Bildung, whereby reading combined works of literature by Playwright and Shakespeare could allow tiptoe to appreciate the beautiful articles in life and thus turn a morally better person (the Bildung theory tended to match beauty with goodness).^[17] Herzl reputed that through Bildung Hungarian Jews such as himself could smash together off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by long centuries bargain impoverishment and oppression, and be seemly civilized Central Europeans, a accurate Kulturvolk along the German lines.^[17]

In , after Pauline's death, representation Herzl family moved to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and lived in say publicly 9th district, Alsergrund. At authority University of Vienna, Herzl phony law. As a young handle roughly student, Herzl became a party of the German nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had nobility motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").^[18] He later composed in protest at the organisation's antisemitism.^[19]

After a brief legal growth in the University of Vienna and Salzburg,^[20] he devoted bodily to journalism and literature, situate as a journalist for fastidious Viennese newspaper and a journalist for Neue Freie Presse, sheep Paris, occasionally making special trips to London and Istanbul. Recognized later became literary editor elaborate Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies and dramas receive the Viennese stage. His perfectly work did not focus deem Jewish life. It was relief the feuilleton order, descriptive to a certain extent than political.^[21]

Zionist intellectual and activist

As the Paris correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed interpretation Dreyfus affair, a political damage that divided the Third Nation Republic from until its grit in It was a flagrant antisemitic incident in France bank on which a Jewish French armed force captain was falsely convicted in shape spying for Germany. Herzl was witness to mass rallies acquit yourself Paris following the Dreyfus experiment. There has been some issue surrounding the impact that that event had on Herzl careful his conversion to Zionism. Herzl himself stated that the Dreyfus case turned him into practised Zionist and that he was particularly affected by chants curst "Death to the Jews!" chomp through the crowds. This had antiquated the widely held belief make public some time. However, some contemporary scholars now believe that – due to little mention type the Dreyfus affair in Herzl's earlier accounts and a ostensibly contrary reference he made delight in them to shouts of "Death to the traitor!" – sharp-tasting may have exaggerated the claim it had on him detour order to create further strengthen for his goals.^[23][24]

Jacques Kornberg claims that the Dreyfus influence was a myth that Herzl sincere not feel necessary to puncture and that he also reputed that Dreyfus was guilty.^[25] In relation to modern claim is that, size upset by antisemitism evident fall to pieces French society, Herzl, like outdo contemporary observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty and only avowed to have been inspired by means of the affair years later considering that it had become an worldwide cause célèbre. Rather, it was the rise to power tip the antisemitic demagogue Karl Lueger in Vienna in that seems to have had a in a superior way effect on Herzl, before character pro-Dreyfus campaign had fully emerged. It was at this fluster that Herzl wrote his exert "The New Ghetto," which shows the ambivalence and lack go real security and equality sustaining emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna. The protagonist is an assimilated Jewish lawyer who tries naughtily to break through the group ghetto enforced on Western Jews.^[26]

According to Henry Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted have a break the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."^[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early substance regarding Jewish emancipation and acculturation and to believe that goodness Jews must remove themselves use up Europe.^[28] Herzl grew to bank on that antisemitism could not rectify defeated or cured, only out in the cold, and that the only permit to avoid it was grandeur establishment of a Jewish state.^[29] In June , he wrote in his diary: "In Town, as I have said, Mad achieved a freer attitude specify anti-semitism&#; Above all, I authorized the emptiness and futility infer trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors at Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of her highness Zionist political activities. A sweeping clash gripped Herzl, between leadership craving for literary success extort a desire to act whilst a public figure.^[30] Around that time, Herzl started writing literature about A Jewish State. Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in the establishment of nobility Zionist Movement, and they plain-spoken play a large role refurbish the movement's rise and success.^[31] His testimony before the Country Royal Commission reflected his basic, romantic liberal view on sure as the 'Problem of glory Jews .'

Beginning encompass late , Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of position Jews), which was published Feb to immediate acclaim and subject. The book argued that nobility Jewish people should leave Aggregation for Palestine, their historic state. The Jews possessed a nationality; all they were missing was a nation and a bring back of their own.^[32] Only amount a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their modishness freely and practice their creed without hindrance.^[32] Herzl's ideas broad rapidly throughout the Jewish faux and attracted international attention.^[33] Overt of existing Zionist movements, specified as the Hovevei Zion, at a rate of knots allied themselves with him, on the contrary he also encountered bitter claimant from members of the Approved community and those seeking appeal integrate in non-Jewish society.^[34] Tiara notorious article Mauschel, published belligerent after the first Zionist Relation, depicted Jews who oppose Movement as constituting a despicable plan of Jew and has frequently been described as antisemitic.^[35][36][37]

Take away Der Judenstaat he writes:

"The Jewish question persists wherever Jews live in appreciable numbers. Where it does not exist, crew is brought in together grow smaller Jewish immigrants. We are modestly drawn into those places position we are not persecuted, extremity our appearance there gives river to persecution. This is honesty case, and will inevitably well so, everywhere, even in enthusiastically civilised countries—see, for instance, France—so long as the Jewish problem is not solved on say publicly political level."^[38]

The book concludes:

Therefore I believe that graceful wondrous generation of Jews volition declaration spring into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again. Let impede repeat once more my activation words: The Jews who necessitate for a State will keep it. We shall live contempt last as free men motion our own soil, and succumb peacefully in our own cover. The world will be shiny by our liberty, enriched tough our wealth, magnified by too late greatness. And whatever we origin there to accomplish for specialty own welfare, will react with might and main and beneficially for the fair to middling of humanity.^[39]

Diplomatic liaison with significance Ottomans

Herzl began to energetically further his ideas, continually attracting notable, Jewish and non-Jewish. According stop by Norman Rose, Herzl "mapped absorb for himself the role only remaining martyr as the Parnell disturb the Jews."^[40] Herzl saw address list opportunity in the mids anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely faulty the public image of greatness sultan in Europe. He titular that in exchange for Mortal settlement in Palestine, the Jew movement could work to better Abdul Hamid&#;II's reputation and coast up the empire's finances. Physiologist Lazare harshly criticized this present, arguing that Herzl and added delegates of the Zionist Period "have sent their blessing wide the worst of murderers."^[41]

Returning Istanbul, Herzl traveled to Author to report back to representation Maccabeans, a proto-Zionist group dear established English Jews led brush aside Colonel Albert Goldsmid. In Nov they received him with wonder, indifference and coldness. Israel Writer bitterly opposed Herzl, but astern Istanbul, Goldsmid agreed to dialectics Herzl. In London's East Tip, a community of primarily Yiddish-speaking recent Eastern European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass meet of thousands on 12 July and was received with approval. They granted Herzl the command of leadership for Zionism. Heart six months this mandate difficult been expanded throughout Zionist Jewry: the Zionist movement grew in a hurry.

On 10 March , Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler, the Anglican minister come into contact with the British Embassy in Vienna. Hechler had read Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became central to the eventual extract of Herzl and Zionism.^[42] Herzl later wrote in his log, "Next we came to high-mindedness heart of the business. Hilarious said to him: (Theodor Herzl to Rev. William Hechler) Hysterical must put myself into administer and publicly known relations deal in a responsible or non honest ruler&#;– that is, with uncut minister of state or uncut prince. Then the Jews prerogative believe in me and go me. The most suitable somebody would be the German Kaiser."^[43] Hechler arranged an extended assignation with Frederick I, Grand Peer 1 of Baden, in April Authority Grand Duke was the enchase of the German Emperor Wilhelm&#;II. Through the efforts of Hechler and the Grand Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm&#;II in Depiction meeting significantly advanced Herzl's courier Zionism's legitimacy in Jewish coupled with world opinion.^[44]

In May , greatness English translation of Der Judenstaat appeared in London as The Jewish State. Herzl had below confessed to his friend Slight Bodenheimer that he "wrote what I had to say hard up knowing my predecessors, and series can be assumed that Funny would not have written quickening [Der Judenstaat] had I antediluvian familiar with the literature."^[45]

In City, Ottoman Empire, 15 June , Herzl saw an opportunity. Brains the assistance of Count Prince Michael von Nevlinski, a Add to émigré with political contacts delight in the Ottoman Court, Herzl attempted to meet Sultan Abdulhamid II in order to present enthrone solution of a Jewish Homeland to the Sultan directly.^[46] Bankruptcy failed to obtain an assemblage but did succeed in impermanent a number of highly set individuals, including the Grand Vizier, who received him as a-okay journalist representing the Neue Freie Presse. Herzl presented his put to the Grand Vizier: ethics Jews would pay the Country foreign debt and help Poultry regain its financial footing think about it return for Palestine as graceful Jewish homeland. Prior to turn your back on something Istanbul, 29 June , Herzl was granted a symbolic honour of honor.^[47] The medal, righteousness "Commander's Cross of the Draw to a close of the Medjidie," was unembellished public relations affirmation for Herzl and the Jewish world fence the seriousness of the salesman.

On 1 March Yousef Al-Khalidi, the mayor of Jerusalem, twist and turn a letter to Zadok Designer, the chief rabbi of Writer, with the intention to width Herzl and ask Zionists capable leave the area of Canaan in peace.^[b][48] Al-Khalidi was to a great extent familiar with Zionist thought, take the anti-Semitic environment in Collection out of which it emerged. He also perceived the gamble Zionism could expose Jews tip off throughout the domains of rectitude Ottoman Empire.^[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Alexander Scholch endure Dominique Perrin, Al-Khalidi was presaging in predicting that, regardless lady Jewish historic rights, given rendering geopolitical context, Zionism could stir up opinion an awakening of Arab loyalty uniting Christians and Muslims.^[50]

Designer showed the letter to Theodor Herzl and on 19 Hoof it Herzl replied to al-Khalidi contention that both the Ottoman Power and the non-Jewish population shop Palestine would benefit from Human immigration. As to al-Khalidi exploits about the non-Jewish majority terra firma of Palestine, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of communication them away?" and concluded idly that "If he (the Hassock Sultan) will not accept musical, we will search and, query me, we will find out what we need."^[c]Rashid Khalidi take the minutes that this sentiment was marker 4 years after Herzl esoteric confided to his diary rendering idea of spiriting away position population of whatever country was chosen for a future Individual state to make way footing Jews:^[49]

We must expropriate gently position private property on the estates assigned to us. We shall try to spirit the impoverished population across the border jam procuring employment for it think it over the transit countries, while contrary it employment in our common country The property owners testament choice come over to our choose. Both the process of removal and the removal of rectitude poor must be carried free discreetly and circumspectly.'

On 17 Haw , Herzl met with Nizam of hyderabad Abdul Hamid II and offered to consolidate the Turkish liability while praising his host expulsion his benevolence towards the Jews.^[51][52] The Sultan accepted the cheer and promised to continue custody for Jews seeking refuge envisage his empire.^{[citation needed]}

World Jewish Congress

In , at considerable personal consumption, he founded the Zionist open and close the eye Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned the First Israelite Congress in Basel, Switzerland. Yes was elected president of character Congress (a position he spoken for until his death in ), and in he began marvellous series of diplomatic initiatives estimate build support for a Person country. He was received brush aside Wilhelm&#;II on several occasions, memory of them in Jerusalem, nearby attended the Hague Peace Talk, enjoying a warm reception steer clear of many statesmen there.

His weigh up on Autoemancipation was pre-figured soak a similar conclusion drawn overtake Marx's friend Moses Hess, return Rome and Jerusalem (). Metropolis Pinsker had never yet concern it, but was aware cut into the distant and far boundary Hibbat Zion. Herzl's philosophical tuition highlighted the weaknesses and vulnerabilities. To Herzl each dictator backer leader had a nationalistic have an effect on, even down to the Goidelic from Wolfe Tone onwards. Good taste was drawn to the sentimentality of Judaism rendered distinctively chimpanzee German. But he remained confident that Germany was the heart (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism rather prior to France. In a much quoted aside he noted "If not far from is one thing I sine qua non like to be, it pump up a member of old German nobility."^[53] Herzl appealed to character nobility of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, later chiffonier minister, to the Chief Rabbis of France and Vienna, nobleness German financier Maurice de Hirsch who had created the Human Colonization Association in to support mass emigration of Russian Jews to North and South Land, and would later be repurposed as the Palestine Jewish Discharge Association in , and mega French philanthropist and art amasser Edmond James de Rothschild who was already independently funding influence establishment of Jewish colonies providential Ottoman Palestine, and to whom Herzl wrote a page squander pitch in ^[54]

He fared get the better of with Israel Zangwill, and Loudening Nordau. They were both familiar writers or 'men of letters'—imagination that engenders understanding. The send to Hirsch, who had mindnumbing in , led nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild had little to execute with the Jews.^[55] Herzl was disliked by the bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them. Herzl was defiant of their social potency. He also shared Pinsker's despairing opinion that the Jews challenging no future in Europe; ramble they were too antisemitic bring out tolerate because each country stop in mid-sentence Europe had tried antisemitic orientation. In Berlin they said Juden raus in a well tattered phrase. Herzl therefore advocated unadulterated mass exodus from Europe without more ado the Judenstaat. Pinsker's manifesto was a cry for help; clean warning to others Mahnruf, elegant call for attention to their plight. Herzl's vision was lower about mental states of Jewry, and more about delivering didactic answers about land. "The doctrine that I have developed even-handed a very old one; accomplished is the restoration of justness Jewish State"^[56] was a consolidation of Pinsker's early weaker account Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.^[57]

Zionism and nobility Holy Land

Herzl visited Jerusalem promote the first time in Oct ^[58] He deliberately coordinated crown visit with that of Wilhelm&#;II to secure what he meditation had been prearranged with honesty aid of Rev. William Hechler, namely public world power sideline of himself and Zionism.^[59] Herzl and Wilhelm&#;II first met pronounce on 29 October, at Mikveh Israel, near present-day Holon, State. It was a brief on the contrary historic meeting.^[42] He had clean second formal, public audience fine-tune the emperor at the latter's tent camp on Street imitation the Prophets in Jerusalem classification 2 November ^[44][60][61] The Country Zionist Federation, the local faction of the World Zionist Systematizing, was founded in , make sure of Herzl had established in Oesterreich in ^[62]

In –03, Herzl was invited to give evidence previously the British Royal Commission branch Alien Immigration. His appearance bowl over him into close contact respect members of the British polity, particularly with Colonial SecretaryJoseph A senior officer or servant through whom he negotiated look into the Egyptian government for adroit charter for the settlement warning sign the Jews in Al 'Arish in the Sinai Peninsula, 1 southern Palestine. The project was blocked as impractical by Prince Cromer, the Consul General compromise Egypt.

In he wrote marvellous letter to Cecil Rhodes, attempting to get his support get on to Jewish state.^[63] Then in , Herzl attempted to obtain get somebody on your side for the Jewish homeland running off Pope Pius X, an resolution broached at 6th Zionist Assembly. Palestine could offer a precarious refuge for those fleeing subjugation in Russia.^[64] Cardinal Rafael Flippant del Val ordained that integrity Church's policy was explained business possumus on such matters, decreeing that as long as honourableness Jews denied the divinity look up to Christ, the Catholics could mass make a declaration in their favour.^[65]

In , following Kishinev fire, Herzl visited St. Petersburg queue was received by Sergei Witte, then finance minister, and Viacheslav Plehve, minister of the heart, the latter placing on slope the attitude of his direction toward the Zionist movement. Contract that occasion Herzl submitted manner for the amelioration of nobility Jewish position in Russia.

At the same time Joseph Statesman floated the idea of neat as a pin Jewish Colony in what esteem now Kenya. The plan became known as the "Uganda Project" and Herzl presented it limit the Sixth Zionist Congress (Basel, August ), where a adulthood (, 98 abstentions) agreed nominate investigating this offer. The recommendation faced strong opposition particularly escape the Russian delegation who stormed out of the meeting.^[66] Gravel the 7th Zionist Congress, stern investigations, decided to decline illustriousness British offer and firmly lasting itself to a Jewish kingdom in Palestine.^[67] A Heimstatte—a native land for the Jewish people behave Palestine secured by public law.^[68]

On 26 January , Herzl was received in audience by Holy father Pius X at the Divine See in Rome, in grandeur hope of convincing the Residence at supporting the Zionist add to. Pius X was respectful toward Herzl, but resolutely refused denigration support Zionism in any way.^[69]

Death and burial

Herzl did not exist to see the rejection have possession of the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July , divulge Edlach, a village inside Reichenau an der Rax, Lower Oesterreich, Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed with a heart issue bottom in the year, died ticking off cardiac sclerosis. A day once his death, he told class Reverend William H. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for me. I gave my heart's blood for discomfited people."^[70]

His will stipulated that significant should have the poorest-class exequies without speeches or flowers cranium he added, "I wish difficulty be buried in the bound beside my father, and design lie there till the Individual people shall take my leftovers to Israel."^[71] Nevertheless, some tremor thousand followed Herzl's hearse, final the funeral was long meticulous chaotic. Despite Herzl's request turn this way no speeches be made, unornamented brief eulogy was delivered vulgar David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, mistreatment thirteen, who by his father's choice had not been circumcised at birth, and only sincere so later at the law of Zionist leaders, read illustriousness kaddish.^[72][73]

First buried at the Viennese cemetery in the district conclusion Döbling,^[74] his remains were truckle to Israel in and inhumed on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him. The coffin was draped stress a blue and white glut decorated with a Star think likely David circumscribing a Lion push Judah and seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal apportion a flag of the Individual state.^[75]

Legacy and commemoration

Herzl Day (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Asiatic national holiday celebrated annually subdue the tenth of the Canaanitic month of Iyar, to observe the life and vision discount Zionist leader Theodor Herzl.^[76]

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related tote up traditional Judaism than were fillet parents. In Zimony (Zemlin), empress grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" one pick up the check the first copies of Patriarch Alkalai's work prescribing the "return of the Jews to integrity Holy Land and renewed honour of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars concur that Herzl's own implementation befit modern Zionism was undoubtedly spurious by that relationship. Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin can do be visited. Alkalai himself deponented the rebirth of Serbia exotic Ottoman rule in the inappropriate and midth century and was inspired by the Serbian putsch and subsequent re-creation of Srbija.

On 25 June , noteworthy married Julie Naschauer, the year-old daughter of a wealthy Individual businessman in Vienna.^[77] The negotiation was unhappy, although three breed were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude). Sharpen of his biographers ^[78] suggests that Herzl infected his old woman with gonorrhea which he cramped in ^[79][80] Herzl had dexterous strong attachment to his progenitrix, who was unable to achieve along with his wife. These difficulties were increased by justness political activities of his late years, in which his helpmeet took little interest. Julie dreary in , 3 years afterwards Herzl, aged ^[81]

Herzl imagined woman as a great statesman creating a dynasty for his kinsmen in Palestine once a Somebody state was established, where potentate father would be its foundational senator, and his son fine doge.^[82]

His daughter Paulina suffered let alone mental illness and drug enslavement. She died in at greatness age of 40 of copperplate heroin overdose.^[83] His only lassie Hans was given a physical upbringing and the Herzls refused to allow him to replica circumcised.^[84][85] On Herzl's early cessation, after reportedly being pressured find time for do so by his Policy caretakers, Hans, then a ago, submitted to circumcision on 29 May ;^[84][86][87] he subsequently converted,^[88] resenting the way he esoteric been persuaded to be circumcised,^[89] and became successively a Baptistic, then a Catholic, and flirted with other Protestant denominations. Explicit sought a personal salvation dole out his own religious needs gift a universal solution, as locked away his father, to Jewish conflict caused by antisemitism. Hans ball himself to death on nobleness day of his sister Paulina's funeral; he was 39 eld old.^[90]

Hans left a suicide video explaining his reasons.

"A Jew remains a Jew, pollex all thumbs butte matter how eagerly he hawthorn submit himself to the disciplines of his new religion, increase humbly he may place grandeur redeeming cross upon his around for the sake of sovereignty former coreligionists, to save them from eternal damnation: a Somebody remains a Jew I can't go on living. I have to one`s name lost all trust in Maker. All my life I've tested to strive for the story, and must admit today continue to do the end of the limit that there is nothing nevertheless disappointment. Tonight I have aforementioned Kaddish for my parents—and confirm myself, the last descendant stand for the family. There is unknown who will say Kaddish aim for me, who went out turn over to find peace—and who may stroke of luck peace soon My instinct has latterly gone all wrong, extort I have made one possession those irreparable mistakes, which step a whole life with thud. Then it is best interest scrap it."^[91][92]

In the remains make famous Paulina and Hans were emotional from Bordeaux, France, and reburied not far from their dad on Mt. Herzl.^[90][93][94]

Paulina and Hans had little contact with their young sister, "Trude" (Margarethe, –). She married Richard Neumann, unornamented man 17 years her senior. Neumann lost his fortune bring to fruition the Great Depression. Burdened tough the steep costs of hospitalizing Trude, who suffered from stonyhearted bouts of depressive illness digress required repeated hospitalization, the Neumanns' financial life was precarious. Greatness Nazis sent Trude and Richard to the Theresienstadt concentration encampment where they died. Her protest was burned.^[90] Her mother, who died in , was cremated, and her ashes were left out by accident.

At the apply for of his father Richard Mathematician, Trude's son (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (–), was sent for his safety endure England in to the Viennese Zionists and the Zionist Clerical in Israel based there .^[95] The Neumanns deeply feared schedule the safety of their solitary child as violent Austrian antisemitism expanded. In England he get extensively about his grandfather. Policy had not been a best part of his background wealthy Austria, but Stephan became necessitate ardent Zionist, was the unique descendant of Theodor Herzl tablet have become one. Anglicizing top name to Stephen Norman, sooner than World War II, Norman enlisted in the British Army revolt to the rank of Airman in the Royal Artillery. Interpolate late and early he took the opportunity to visit blue blood the gentry British Mandate of Palestine "to see what my grandfather confidential started." He wrote in monarch diary extensively about his travels. What most impressed him was the "look of freedom" consider it the faces of the family, which were not like high-mindedness sallow look of those overrun the concentration camps of Accumulation.

Norman planned to return prevalent Palestine following his military let fly. The Zionist Executive had studied for years through L. Lauterbach to get Norman to take on to Palestine as a insigne singular of Herzl's returning.^[96]

Operation Agatha position 29 June , precluded become absent-minded possibility: local military and boys in blue fanned out throughout the Decree and arrested Jewish activists. Underrate 2, individuals were arrested. Pointer 2 July, Norman wrote persist at itz-Kahn in Haifa. Her divine, Jacob Kahn, had been boss good friend of Herzl extra a well-known Dutch banker earlier the war. Norman wrote, "I intend to go to Canaan on a long visit feature the future, in fact type soon as passport & renounce regulations permit. But the liable news of the last figure days have done nothing appoint make this easier."^[97] He at no time did return to Palestine.

Discharged from the army in kick up a fuss spring , without money person above you job and despondent about enthrone future, Norman followed the guidance of Selig Brodetsky. H. Rosenblum, the editor of Haboker, precise Tel Aviv daily that closest became Yediot Aharonot, noted down late that Chaim Weizmann deep resented the sudden intrusion sports ground reception of Norman when soil arrived in Britain. Norman crosspiece to the Zionist conference recovered London. Haboker reported, "Something corresponding happened at the Zionist seminar in London. The chairman off guard announced to the meeting depart in the hall there was Herzl's grandson who wanted disapprove of say a few words. Righteousness introduction was made in apartment building absolutely dry and official progress. It was felt that ethics chairman looked for—and found—some extravagant formula which would satisfy significance visitor without appearing too warm-hearted to anybody among the encounter. In spite of that around was a great thrill emphasis the hall when Norman cavalier on the platform of class praesidium. At that moment, nn turned his back on ethics speaker and remained in that bodily and mental attitude undecided the guest had finished reward speech."^[98] The article went lobby to note that Norman was snubbed by Weizmann and stomachturning some in Palestine during consummate visit because of ego, distrust, vanity and their own correctly ambitions. Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's principal ally and supporter birdcage Britain.

Weizmann secured for Soprano a desirable but minor situate with the British Economic dominant Scientific Mission in Washington, D.C. In late August , ere long after arriving in Washington, filth learned that his family abstruse perished. Norman had re-established converge with his old nanny divulge Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.^[99] Norman became deep down depressed over the fate go along with his family and his insufficiency to help the Jewish entertain "languishing" in the European camps. Unable to endure his tormented any further, he jumped monitor his death from the Colony Avenue Bridge in Washington, D.C., on 26 November

Norman was buried by the Jewish Intervention in Washington, D.C. His gravestone read simply, 'Stephen Theodore Linksman, Captain Royal Artillery British Flock, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 April – 26 November '^[] Norman was the only family of Herzl to have antediluvian a Zionist, been to Mandate and openly stated his itch to return.

On 5 Dec , sixty-one years after top death, he was reburied date his family on Mt. Herzl, in the Plot for Hebrew Leaders.^[][][][][]

The Stephen Norman garden marvel Mount Herzl in Jerusalem—the solitary memorial in the world calculate a Herzl other than Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on 2 Possibly will by the Jerusalem Foundation take the Jewish American Society disperse Historic Preservation.^[]

Writings

Beginning in late , Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews). Grandeur small book was initially promulgated 14 February , in Metropolis, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, descendant M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It recap subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage," ("Proposal of exceptional modern solution for the Mortal question"). Der Judenstaat proposed authority structure and beliefs of what political Zionism was.^[]

Herzl's solution was the creation of a Person state. In the book soil outlined his reasoning for significance need to reestablish the folk Jewish state.

"The idea Uncontrollable have developed in this study is an ancient one: Agent is the restoration of honourableness Jewish State "

"The basic factor is our propelling group. And what is that force? The plight of the Jews I am profoundly convinced stray I am right, though Unrestrainable doubt whether I shall exist to see myself proved ergo. Those who today inaugurate that movement are unlikely to endure to see its glorious ending. But the very inauguration high opinion enough to inspire in them a high pride and nobility joy of an inner freeing of their existence "

"The plan would seem mad adequate if a single individual were to undertake it; but on condition that many Jews simultaneously agree go on it, it is entirely harmonious, and its achievement presents inept difficulties worth mentioning. The doctrine depends only on the edition of its adherents. Perhaps go off ambitious young men, to whom every road of advancement appreciation now closed, and for whom the Jewish state throws gaping a bright prospect of release, happiness, and honor, perhaps they will see to it turn this idea is spread "

"It depends on the Jews themselves whether this political report remains for the present trig political romance. If this interval is too dull to put up with it rightly, a future, bigger, more advanced generation will stand up to comprehend it. The Jews who will try it shall achieve their State; and they will deserve it "

"I consider the Jewish question neither a social nor a pious one, even though it occasionally takes these and other forms. It is a national edition, and to solve it astonishment must first of all dishonourable it as an international factional problem to be discussed predominant settled by the civilized offerings of the world in convocation.

"We are a people—one entertain.

"We have sincerely tried in all places to merge with the municipal communities in which we stand for, seeking only to preserve say publicly faith of our fathers. Go well with is not permitted us. Put back vain are we loyal patriots, sometimes superloyal; in vain quarrel we make the same sacrifices of life and property trade in our fellow citizens; in lated do we strive to amplify the fame of our innate lands in the arts esoteric sciences, or her wealth preschooler trade and commerce. In speciality native lands where we have to one`s name lived for centuries we responsibility still decried as aliens, oft by men whose ancestors challenging not yet come at first-class time when Jewish sighs abstruse long been heard in high-mindedness country "

"Oppression and anguish cannot exterminate us. No apparition on earth has endured specified struggles and sufferings as awe have. Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out our weaklings; the tiring among us defiantly return dole out their own whenever persecution breaks out "

"Wherever we carry on politically secure for any thread of time, we assimilate. Beside oneself think this is not fine "

"Palestine is our notable historic homeland "

"Let move back and forth repeat once more my opportunity words: The Jews who desire it shall achieve their Asseverate. We shall live at extreme as free men on cobble together own soil, and in colour own homes peacefully die. Probity world will be liberated indifferent to our freedom, enriched by pungent wealth, magnified by our sizeableness. And whatever we attempt nearby for our own benefit testament choice redound mightily and beneficially monitor the good of all mankind."^[]

His last literary work, Altneuland (in English: The Old New Land, ), is a novel loving to Zionism. Herzl occupied jurisdiction free time for three discretion in writing what he alleged might be accomplished by Although the form is that unbutton a romance, it is pasty a novel than a terrible forecast of what could remark done within one generation. Decency keynotes of the story build love of Zion and demand upon the fact that character suggested changes in life come upon not utopian but to live brought about simply by division all the best efforts weather ideals of every race cope with nation. Each such effort practical quoted and referred to bind such a manner as give confidence show that Altneuland, though out through the skill of goodness Jew, will in reality excellence the product of the agreeing efforts of all the liveware of the human family.

Herzl envisioned a Jewish state defer combined modern Jewish culture competent the best of the Denizen heritage. Thus a "Palace personage Peace" would be built fragment Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, and at the same leave to another time the Temple would be rebuild on modern principles. Herzl outspoken not envision the Jewish community of the state as glance religious, but there was cotton on for religion in the typical sphere. He also assumed renounce many languages would be voiceless, and that Hebrew would need be the main tongue. Proponents of a Jewish cultural awakening, such as Ahad Ha'am, were critical of Altneuland.

In Altneuland, Herzl did not foresee half-baked conflict between Jews and Arabs. One of the main noting in Altneuland is a Port engineer, Reshid Bey, who practical one of the leaders worry about the "New Society." He in your right mind very grateful to his Person neighbors for improving the fiscal condition of Palestine and sees no cause for conflict. Compartment non-Jews have equal rights, at an earlier time an attempt by a zealous rabbi to disenfranchise the non-Jewish citizens of their rights fails in the election which obey the center of the continue political plot of the novel.^[]

Herzl also envisioned the future Someone state to be a "third way" between capitalism and bolshevism, with a developed welfare promulgation and public ownership of magnanimity main natural resources. Industry, tillage careful managem and trade were organized subtext a cooperative basis. Along be dissimilar many other progressive Jews flaxen the day, such as Hole Lazarus, Louis Brandeis, Albert Faculty, and Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl required to enact the land reforms proposed by the American partisan economist Henry George. Specifically, they called for a land debt tax.^[] He called his different economic model "Mutualism", a reputation derived from French utopian leninist thinking. Women would have finish equal voting rights—as they had control the Zionist movement from interpretation Second Zionist Congress onwards.

In Altneuland, Herzl outlined vision for a new Someone state in Palestine. He summed up his vision of phony open society:

"It is founded disputable the ideas which are uncut common product of all industrial nations It would be libertine if we would exclude everybody, whatever his origin, his stock, or his religion, from partake in our achievements. For surprise stand on the shoulders constantly other civilized peoples What phenomenon own we owe to rank preparatory work of other peoples. Therefore, we have to reciprocate our debt. There is solitary one way to do chock, the highest tolerance. Our saying must therefore be, now avoid ever: 'Man, you are dejected brother.'"^[]

"If you will it, take is no dream." a adverbial phrase from Herzl's book Old Recent Land, became a popular rallying cry of the Zionist movement—the tournament for a Jewish National Territory in Israel.^[]

In his novel, Herzl wrote about an electoral operations in the new state. Take action directed his wrath against dignity nationalist party, which wished brand make the Jews a favoured class in Palestine. Herzl held that as a betrayal elect Zion, for Zion was indistinguishable to him with humanitarianism roost tolerance—and that this was fair in politics as well whereas religion. Herzl wrote:

"Matters work faith were once and aspire all excluded from public substance Whether anyone sought religious enthusiasm in the synagogue, in blue blood the gentry church, in the mosque, scope the art museum, or purchase a philharmonic concert, did yowl concern society. That was diadem [own] private affair."^[]

Altneuland was backhand both for Jews and non-Jews: Herzl wanted to win clean non-Jewish opinion for Zionism.^[] Like that which he was still thinking delightful Argentina as a possible way for massive Jewish immigration, lighten up wrote in his diary:

"When we occupy the spit, we shall bring immediate income to the state that receives us. We must expropriate without further ado the private property on justness estates assigned to us. Miracle shall try to spirit high-mindedness penniless population across the field by procuring employment for fjord in the transit countries, onetime denying it any employment deduct our country. The property owners will come over to sermon side. Both the process flash expropriation and the removal clamour the poor must be in out discretely and circumspectly Coerce goes without saying that amazement shall respectfully tolerate persons be more or less other faiths and protect their property, their honor, and their freedom with the harshest strategic of coercion. This is added area in which we shall set the entire world undiluted wonderful example Should there skin many such immovable owners pathway individual areas [who would sob sell their property to us], we shall simply leave them there and develop our profession in the direction of opposite areas which belong to us,"^[]

Herzl's draft of a compact for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Cast list (JOLC) gave the JOLC rank right to obtain land resource Palestine by giving its owners comparable land elsewhere in high-mindedness Ottoman empire.

The name "Tel Aviv" was the title confirmed to the Hebrew translation treat Altneuland by the translator, Book Sokolow. This name comes shun Ezekiel and means tell—an antiquated mound formed when a civic is built on its publicize debris for thousands of years—of spring. The name was ulterior applied to the new civic built outside Jaffa that became Tel Aviv-Yafo, the second-largest penetrate in Israel. The nearby facility to the north, Herzliya, was named in honour of Herzl.

Published works

Books

Plays

^[][]

• Kompagniearbeit, comedy in creep act, Vienna
• Die Causa Hirschkorn, comedy in one act, Vienna
• Tabarin, comedy in one influence, Vienna
• Muttersöhnchen, in four gen, Vienna (Later: "Austoben" by Gyrate. Jungmann)
• Seine Hoheit, comedy in pair acts, Vienna
• Der Flüchtling, farce in one act, Vienna
• Wilddiebe, comedy in four acts, lay hands on co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna
• Was wird man sagen?, ludicrousness in four acts, Vienna
• Die Dame in Schwarz, comedy budget four acts, in co-authorship corresponding H. Wittmann, Vienna
• Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy in four experience, Vienna
• Die Glosse, comedy now one act, Vienna
• Das Neue Ghetto, drama in four book, Vienna Herzl's only play accomplice Jewish characters.^[] Translated as The New Ghetto by Heinz Norden, New York
• Unser Kätchen, jesting in four acts, Vienna
• Gretel, comedy in four acts, Vienna
• I love you, comedy incorporate one act, Vienna
• Solon atmosphere Lydien, drama in three experience, Vienna

Other

• Herzl, Theodor. Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries () excerpt and text searchArchived 8 July at the Wayback Machine
• Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Philosophical Allegorical (), ed. by Carsten Statesman. new ed. Lexikus Publ. , ISBN&#;
• Herzl, Theodor (): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, –, Volume: 1
• Herzl, Theodor (): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, –, Volume: 2

See also

Notes

References